Last week, the U.S. ambassador to Syria, Robert Ford, made an extraordinary trip to the besieged city of Hama. His visit was meant to support tens of thousands of peaceful demonstrators holding olive branches and roses in a city ringed by troops.
This was more than a brave diplomatic gesture aimed at discouraging further Syrian crackdowns. It was a recognition of a powerful new strategy of protest that has toppled autocrats in Tunisia and Egypt and may yet oust harsher tyrants. It could even become a crucial factor in the struggle between Israelis and Palestinians.
I refer to nonviolent action used in strategic ways.
We all witnessed the peaceful tactics that undermined autocrats in Tunis and Cairo, where armies refused to fire on unarmed protesters. But experts argue that such tactics won't work against more determined despots as long as their armies hold firm.
Thus, we watched the forces of hard-line ayatollahs crush millions of protesters in Iran's Green Revolution, while civil war drags on in Yemen and Libya. And despite weeks of demonstrations in Syria, President Bashar al-Assad has yet to make meaningful concessions. His officer corps, filled with members of his minority Alawite sect, has so far held firm and has been willing to fire live rounds into unarmed crowds.
Yet developments in Hama, along with the lessons of Egypt's revolution, show how nonviolent resistance could undo Assad.
Hama is a powerful symbol, the place where Assad's father, Hafez, sent his army to surround thousands of protesters, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, in 1982. Between 10,000 and 25,000 people were massacred, and the historic walled town of Hama was flattened.
Back in the pre-Internet, pre-YouTube era, Assad the elder could act with impunity. I still recall a chilling interview in Damascus in 1983, in which I asked a senior Syrian official about the oil painting of old Hama on his wall. Without batting an eye, he answered, "Oh, that's our lovely city of Hama" — even though he knew that I knew the city lay in ruins.
Today, the younger Assad can't ignore Syrian public sentiment, or wider Arab and international opinion. His economy is vulnerable to sanctions. His largely Sunni (and increasingly religious) population will get video feedback of massacres, even with Internet restrictions. Some Hama residents have already been shot, but another massacre could rouse greater public protest and split the army.
What Egyptian protesters would tell their Syrian counterparts is: Use nonviolent tactics to exploit these vulnerabilities until the regime cracks.
Syrian opposition groups are probably familiar with the strategy of nonviolence described to me by a prominent Egyptian activist named Dahlia Ziada. Now the Egypt office director of the American Islamic Congress, Ziada translated a comic book about the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. into Arabic in 2004 and attended a workshop on nonviolence at Tufts University's Fletcher School in 2008.
In recent years, her organization set up civil resistance training sessions for dozens of Egyptian activists, who in turn spread the message. Many other young Egyptians found their way on the Internet to materials produced by the Washington-based International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Moreover, the approach of the demonstrators in Tahrir Square was instinctively nonviolent, even among those with no training; there were constant chants of "silmya, silmya," meaning peaceful or no problem.
But what made nonviolence work was a strategic approach by Egyptian youth leaders.
"You have to understand your opponent," Ziada told me in Cairo, "how they think, what are their strengths and weaknesses." These regimes depend, she said, on "certain pillars." The opposition must figure out "how to take down each pillar until the whole thing falls down."
In Egypt, that meant that protesters campaigned against corruption and high food prices, which drew a broader segment of society into demonstrations. It also meant convincing the military that the demonstrators were not the enemy.
"When the military came to the streets, the people didn't oppose them," Ziada said. "They cheered for them, chanting, 'The people and the military are one hand.' We took them over to our side."
Of course, in Egypt, unlike in Syria, the military had no history of firing on civilians. But even in Syria, the regime has "pillars" that the opposition can weaken with nonviolent tactics. Sunni merchants, scared minorities, or army foot soldiers can be wooed more readily by peaceful protesters than by armed rebels.
This doesn't guarantee that nonviolence will succeed, especially in the short run, or that it will frighten determined killers. But if a situation is ripe, nonviolent protest may be the most potent tool of Arab rebellions — and one that will be used more often by Palestinian protesters now that peace talks with Israel have failed.
So Ambassador Ford was wise to make his risky voyage to Hama. Once the scene of slaughter, it has become the symbol of Syrian revolution. And it will surely test the power of nonviolent revolt.
ABOUT THE WRITER
Trudy Rubin is a columnist and editorial-board member for the Philadelphia Inquirer. Readers may write to her at: Philadelphia Inquirer, P.O. Box 8263, Philadelphia, Pa. 19101, or by email at trubin@phillynews.com.